Program Leader's Progress Report for Biology to the Antarctic Science Advisory Committee for the 2000-01 Antarctic Season

Professor Harvey Marchant, Australian Antarctic Division

Goal 1 - Maintain the Antarctic Treaty System and Enhance Australia's Influence within the System

Biology:Individuals and organizations have key roles in Steering Committees, Working Groups, and Groups of Specialists of international programs, especially of SCAR. Researchers contribute to other international bodies such as agencies of the United Nations, including FAO and United Nations Environment Program, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. Research conducted, and expertise developed, as part of this Program will also be of use in other parts of the Treaty System where scientifically-based management systems are being developed - such as in the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP).

Key Scientific Outputs

Involvement in setting the direction of international scientific programs and forums relating to Antarctic issues, and contributing to their outcomes.

Assessment Milestones

• Utilisation of scientific advice in the development of policy and management systems. (2000-2005)
• Contribute to development of management plans for SPA and SSSI, and Macquarie Island Marine Area (2002).
• Use of Australian research, and Australian involvement in the development of international programs, especially those under the SCAR umbrella including EASIZ, EVOLANTA and RiSCC (2001- 2005).
• Contribute to IPCC Scientific Assessment (2000).
• Development of the Biodiversity RiSCC database to operational stage (2004)

Research Output achieved against the strategic plan

• Invitation of AAD scientists to join SCOR WGs 115 (Standards for the Survey and Analysis of Plankton) and 120 (Marine Phytoplankton and Global Climate Regulation: The Phaeocystis spp. Cluster as a Model).
• Input to revision of management plan for SSSI 25
• One AAD scientist is a member of the steering committee of SCAR's RiSCC program, was responsible for setting the agenda of the September workshop, and was rapporteur.
• Significant advances were made in the RiSCC bidiversity database that is run from the Australian Antarctic Data Centre. This database, as well as providing valuable research tool for RiSCC participants, will contribute substantially to providing scientific data to the CEP.
• Substantial Australian involvement in the development of EASIZ (East Antarctic Sea Ice Zone Program), EVOLANTA (Evolutionary Biology of Antarctic Organisms) and RiSCC (Regional Sensitivity to Climate Change in Antarctic Ecosystems) programs and on the international steering committees of these programs

Major Research Output(s) completed in 2000-01 relating to previous seasons' activities (e.g. Broke Survey of Krill in Antarctic waters)

Anisimov, O., Fitzharris, B., Hagen, J-O., Jeffries, R., Marchant, H.J., Nelson., Prowse, T., Vaughan, D. (2001) Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctic) in McCarthy, J. J. and Canziani, O. (eds.), Climate Change: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Cambridge University Press 801-841

Research/Activities in the 2000-01 strategic plan NOT achieved and why

Goal 2 - To Protect the Antarctic Environment

Biology: Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity in the Antarctic region is not well understood. In order to develop effective conservation strategies for Antarctic environments, their biodiversity and the mechanisms of community dynamics in relation to the physical and chemical environment must be understood. In addition, it is necessary to ascertain what the processes and activities are that have, or are likely to have, significant adverse impacts on the conservation of biological diversity. The principles to be applied in protecting the Antarctic environment reflect those set out in existing policies and strategies including Australia's Oceans Policy, the National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity and National Strategy for the Conservation of Australian Species and Communities Threatened with Extinction.

The biota of the Antarctic region responds to changes in climate. Some Antarctic organisms and communities are sensitive to small changes in their environment, detection of which is regarded as an essential part of the Antarctic global change strategy. Attention will focus on those organisms and communities particularly sensitive to environmental changes and on those that play a significant role in key Antarctic ecosystems.

The data allow for comparisons with other Antarctic sites and with northern polar regions. The aim will be to assess, quantitatively, anthropogenic influences from natural fluctuations and trends.

Key Scientific Output 1

Determine the extent of biological diversity for the development of conservation planning and management.

Assessment milestones

Assess current knowledge of terrestrial, marine and other aquatic components (including micro-organisms) of biological diversity that are considered important for conservation purposes, specifically:-.

• the species and genetic biodiversity of terrestrial plants and their associated fungi and viruses from major localities in the AAT and on Heard Island and Macquarie Island (2005).
• the biodiversity of non-marine algae and freshwater invertebrates from major localities in the AAT and on Heard Is (2005).
• Create Antarctic biodiversity databases of known taxa and habitats:-
  • of marine protists (2003).
  • of zooplankton of the HIMI Australian Fishing Zone (2000-2001).
  • of zooplankton from Mertz Glacier Polynya 1999 winter survey (2001-2002).
  • of zooplankton from the penguin foraging zone off the Mawson coast (2002).
  • of the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Island including a map of terrestrial vegetation communities (2002).
  • of Heard Island and Macquarie Island vascular plants (2005).
  • of Heard Island and Macquarie Island bryophytes (2005).
• Terrestrial plants from major localities in the AAT (2001).
• Ascertain the distribution of foraging and consumption efforts of key marine predators breeding in World Heritage Areas, and other protected areas (2005).
• Produce a database of the species and ecosystem diversity of the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Island (2002).
• Produce databases of zooplankton composition and abundance of the HIMI Australian Fishing Zone (2000-2001).
• Identify oceanic areas deemed to be important to seabirds and seals from the HIMI World Heritage Area for possible designation as a marine park (2001-2004).
• Identify factors causing fluctuations in populations of marine mammals and birds whose conservation status is threatened (Ongoing).
• Identify the processes that cause natural variation in the distribution, abundance, survivorship and productivity of key species and determine their natural variation (Ongoing).
• Assess seasonal (including winter) variation in community and ecosystem biodiversity and trophodynamics (2005).

Key Scientific Output 2

Development of strategies to minimise threats to endangered species, communities, and habitats and to ascertain the effectiveness of mitigation measures

(with Human Impacts)

Assessment Milestones

• Determine the marine distribution of animals resident in land-based SPAs as part of a process to assess the ability of SPAs to fulfil their function (2003).
• Assess colonisation of subantarctic islands by invasive species and possible extinctions (2002).
• Monitor the spread of the invasive grass Poa annua on Heard Island (2005).

Key Scientific Output 3

Identification of indicators of changes in biodiversity, species abundance and ecological relations, and the development of appropriate monitoring strategies to be able to quantify changes

Assessment Milestones

• Establish long-term monitoring sites and/or transects at selected aquatic and terrestrial localities with inventories of the significant biota and synoptic assessments of the biological activity:-
  • of plant community dynamics at Casey (2002)
  • of invertebrates on Heard Island (2002)
  • of Heard Island terrestrial and freshwater plant communities (2004)
• Conduct regular surveys of selected plant and animal populations:-
  • assess of results and progress of Southern Ocean CPR survey, especially intra-annual variation and mapping zooplankton biodiversity (2005).
  • assess the first 5 years of joint Japan-Australia zooplankton monitoring program using fixed time reference transects to measure interannual variation (2005).
  • assessment of monitoring sites established in 1980/81 on Macquarie Island to measure change in plant communities (2002-2003).
  • of vegetation change at sites established in 1987/88 on recently deglaciated areas on Heard Island (2005)
• Determine population dynamics of seals since cessation of exploitation and assess the roles of biological and oceanographic factors on their demographic performance (2005).
• Analysis of historic records of species composition, distribution and abundance of marine and terrestrial biota with recent data to ascertain inter-decadal changes in biodiversity and community structure:-
  • of marine diatoms (2003)
  • of marine zooplankton (2004-2005)
• Assessment of the effects of environmental modification from global climate change, solar irradiation (including UVB), moisture and nutrient regime on the conservation status of indigenous species, and the impacts of possible invasions by exotic biota.

Key Scientific Output 4

Assessment of the effects of environmental modification from global climate change, solar irradiation (including UVB), moisture and nutrient regime on the conservation status of indigenous species, and the impacts of possible invasions by exotic biota.

Assessment Milestones

• Identify organisms and communities on subantarctic islands sensitive and tolerant to global change (2003).
• Assessment of extent of UVB induces DNA damage in Antarctic plants (2004)
• Predict the effect of global warming on temperature sensitive ecosystems:-
  • initiate project on the effects of climate-induced ice reduction on coastal primary production (2003)
  • determine the effect of global warming on sea-ice production and ecology (Part 1, estimate pack ice diurnal and seasonal production in different ice thicknesses 2003)
• Interact with climate modellers to identify environmental perturbations of importance to Antarctic biota (2003).
• Establish RiSCC study sites in AAT and on Heard Island and Macquarie Island (2001 - 2004)

Research Output achieved against the strategic plan

(These are ungrouped as many overlap several KSOs)

• At-sea abundances of several species of albatrosses and petrels, known to be captured on longline fisheries in the Southern Ocean, continue to decrease within the Prydz Bay region. The seabird community within Prydz Bay continues to oscillate between two states - one dominated by the 9 resident, breeding species (including Adélie Penguins and fulmarine petrels) and the other dominated by approximately 20 non-resident species (eg shearwaters, albatrosses etc from the subantarctic and temperate regions).
• First year survivorship of elephant seals at Macquarie Island is >70%, the highest ever estimated for southern elephant seals. The continuing population decline of these animals is apparently caused by problems in the survivorship of older animals.
• Southern elephant seals foraging on the Antarctic continental shelf eat the common squid Psychroteuthis and Alluroteuthis. Psychroteuthis is also common in the diet of emperor penguins and Weddell seals. One seal near Casey was found to have consumed euphausiids, the first time elephant seals have been found to feed on these crustaceans.
• Analysis of the annual variability in pupping rates of fur seals over the past 10 years, indicate that between 60% and 85% of adult females pup each year, and that there is a strong negative relationship between pupping and the average sea-surface temperature around Macquarie Island in the preceding autumn.
• During their breeding season, male leopard seals, sing underwater for long periods each day. The calls are an important part of their breeding strategy, proclaiming territory to other males and attracting females to mate. Adult male leopard seals are highly stereotyped in their calling behaviour. In contrast, juvenile seals do not produce highly stereotyped calls but an array of slightly modified calls.
• Using molecular methods, bacterial diversity in Mertz glacier sediments was exceptionally high. Closer analysis indicated many phylotypes (clone groups that have a sequence similarity of >0.98) recovered were closely related to those found in deep ocean (Japan Trench, Mariana Trench) and in Arctic Ocean sediments (fjords of Svalbard). Individual phylotypes and many phylogroups (groups of closely related phylotypes, similarity >0.95) appear to be omnipresent in permanently cold sediments world-wide. Comparisons made with shallow sediments examined from the Casey Station area also show many phylotypes/phylogroups in common. These results may be useful for developing a framework for biogeographical distribution of bacteria in ocean sediments
• Overall rates of sulfate, sulfur, iron reduction and overall heterotrophic activity in Vestfold Hills lake sediments were comparable to coastal Antarctic and Arctic fjord sediments and the optimal temperature for activity was similar between all processes, ranging from 10-20°C. The optimum growth temperature of various enrichments was about 5°C higher (15-25°C) than the in situ process optimal temperature. Process rates within the same enrichments were optimal at a range of 20-30°C. This indicates that microbes when in situ are possibly producing a marked cold adaptation response to the sediment in situ temperature (-2°C), possibly by switching on new cold active enzymes or modifying existing enzymes making them more cold active. Another more likely explanation is that a so far uncultured, strongly psychrophilic population is present in the sediment, dominating the in situ process rates.
• Sequence analysis of several mitochondrial genes from populations of the crustacean Daphniopsis studeri from the Vestfold Hills, the Larsemann Hills and Kerguelen Island suggests a recent common ancestry for all sampled populations.
• There appears to be a significant effect of human activity in terms of increased levels of propagules of fungal spores in the Vestfold Hills, especially around sites of high human activity. Away from Davis station propagule levels collected in air vary.
• A collaborative Australian/Japanese continuous plankton recorder survey of the Southern Ocean to ascertain the community structure, distribution and abundance of zooplankton found the same core dominant species with the most abundant being the small copepod Oithona spp., which represented > 50% of the total abundance.
• Research on Heard Island in the 2000/01 summer was highly successful. Preliminary results include new species and records of organisms from the Island. Extent of vegetation has expanded since 1986. Analysis of data is underway with the view to these data being presented at a workshop in mid 2002.
• More than 80 species of non-marine algae have been identified from collections made on Heard Island. Several of these are unusual and probably new species. The list of marine macro-algae in the Heard Island Wilderness Reserve, Management Plan, AAD 1995 contains 18 species. About 30 species of seaweeds, mostly with male, female and sporophyte generations were collected from Heard Island.
• Investigations on nitrogen and solute accumulation in Macquarie Island plants have shown a strong trend of increasing levels of nitrogen-containing osmolytes with proximity to rookeries suggesting that ambient nitrogen levels strongly influence accumulation of nitrogen-containing compounds by plants. Total soil nitrogen was not related to plant nitrogen compounds confirming our earlier work that aerial deposition of nitrogen from rookeries plays a major role in plant nitrogen relations on Macquarie Island.
• Molecular genetic analysis has revealed mutagenesis in Antarctic mosses to be probably due to UV-B exposure.
• An investigation on the effects of UV radiation on shallow-water marine benthic community establishment is being conducted at Casey as part of a worldwide study on this topic All settlement panels in the UV experiment were dominated by diatoms with no invertebrates recorded during this experiment. These findings differ significantly from other temperate locations in which these experiments have been run as part of the global examination of impacts of UV radiation. Preliminary analysis of the panels we recovered from Casey Station has revealed some significant differences among the light treatments.
• RiSCC study sites were established on Heard Island in the 2000/01 summer to assess long-term change in the vegetation and its associated microbial and invertebrate communities. The suitability of monitoring sites near Casey were investigated with a view to their establishment in the 2002/03 summer. The suitability of long-term monitoring sites on Macquarie Island, established in the 1960s, are presently being evaluated as RiSCC study sites, which if found appropriate would continue to be used.

Major Research Output(s) completed in 2000-01 relating to previous seasons' activities (e.g. Broke Survey of Krill in Antarctic waters)

Research/Activities in the 2000-01 strategic plan NOT achieved and why

Goal 3 - To Understand the Role of Antarctica in the Global Climate System

Biology: The microbial biota of the Southern Ocean plays a major, but unquantified role in the global carbon Phytoplankton and sea ice algae fix inorganic carbon and they, as well as bacteria and protozoa, recycle and remineralize most of this carbon. A small fraction of the photoassimilated carbon is exported to the deep sea where it is either utilised by benthic organisms or accumulates. Understanding the role of Antarctica in the global climate cycle requires a knowledge of marine biogeochemical processes responsible for cycling carbon, and some other elements, in this environment.

Key Scientific Outputs

Contribute to determining the role of micro-organisms in biological pathways of carbon, nitrogen, silicon and sulphur in Antarctic ecosystems, and their responses to physical and chemical influences, which modulate these cycles. Develop models of these biogeochemical cycles, which include a capacity to predict the effect of climate change (feedbacks) on these biological cycles

Assessment Milestones

• Input to the development of predictive models of the effects of global climate change, including elevated UVB irradiance, on carbon cycling and other biogeochemical cycles in selected Antarctic marine (with Glaciology) and lake ecosystems:-
  • sea-ice systems (2004).
  • lake ecosystems in the Vestfold Hills(2005).
• Quantification of the impacts of UVB on the composition, biomass and productivity of marine microbial communities (2004).
• Quantify the role of sea-ice zone communities in Southern Ocean biogeochemical processes and contribute to the development of biogeochemical models of the Southern Ocean including predicting the effects of possible changes in the amount of sea-ice:-
  • measure the particulate carbon flux to the deep sea in Antarctic ice-free waters using moored automated sediment traps (2002-2003).
  • compare the ice-free region carbon fluxes to results to be obtained by Japanese colleagues for nearby ice-covered regions (2003).
  • quantify primary production, microbial standing stocks and grazing by selected protists in the sea-ice zone (with Oceanography) (2001-2002).
  • quantify fluxes of phytoplankton and associated grazers as part of Mawson coast fine scale survey and other voyages (with AMLR) (2000-2001).
  • assess results of Mertz Glacier polynya winter survey (2002).
  • assess results of CLIVAR survey (2003).
• Elucidate the roles of grazing and viral infection on the vertical flux of carbon in field and laboratory studies (2003).
• Establish the role of marine micro-organisms in the cycling and sequestration of iron in the Southern Ocean (with Oceanography) (2004).
• Establish the role of marine micro-organisms in the net flux of reduced sulphur compounds to the atmosphere, including identification of the key organisms responsible for synthesis and utilisation of these compounds and the impact of UVB, grazing and viral lysis of these organisms (2000-2003).
• Monitor concentrations of reduced sulphur compounds in the atmosphere and waters of the Southern Ocean (2000-2005).

Research Output achieved against the strategic plan

• Using specific staining techniques we have found that only around 20% of bacteria in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean are alive and that metabolically active cells comprised 5-100% of these live bacteria. These findings have major ramifications for understanding carbon flow and nutrient cycling in the Southern Ocean
• A model has been developed that predicts the mortality of plankton concentrations and increases in UV-tolerant heterotrophic protozoans in Antarctic coastal waters This enables calculation of community changes for different UV loads and water depths. A particularly valuable feature of the model is that mortality is also governed by a "threshold UV intensity" below which intensity explains little of the phytoplankton mortality.
• Phytoplankton concentrations in the Mertz polynya during winter were found to be extremely low, but significant concentrations of detritus were encountered, explaining the ability of krill to grow slightly during the winter in this region.

Major Research Output(s) completed in 2000-01 relating to previous seasons' activities (e.g. Broke Survey of Krill in Antarctic waters)

Research/Activities in the 2000-01 strategic plan NOT achieved and why

Quantification of fluxes of phytoplankton and associated grazers as part of Mawson coast fine scale survey could not be completed because of the diversion of the Aurora Australis to assist the Polarbird which was beset at the time.

Goal 4 - To Undertake Work of Practical, Economic and National Significance.

Biology: Antarctic organisms are variously adapted to grow in extreme conditions including freezing, desiccation, osmotic stress, high irradiance and nutrient extremes. Antifreezes in Antarctic fish and other organisms, enzymes that work at low temperatures and sunscreens in micro-organisms have been known for some time. Pharmacological potential and the potential use of other products of micro-organisms are presently being explored. In addition, the food and horticultural potential of sub-Antarctic plants is under investigation. Arrangements are being formalised so that all participating agencies can benefit from commercial exploitation of biotechnology.

Key Scientific Output

Investigate Antarctic organisms for chemicals and other attributes of potential commercial importance

Assessment Milestones

• Initiate alliances with organizations to share collection and screening capabilities, and research and development resources for bioactive molecule discovery (2000)
• Provide of Antarctic microbial isolates for the screening of human pharmaceuticals (2002).
• Initiate collaborative research to assess the biotechnological potential of exopolymers from Antarctic bacteria (2003).
• Assess the biodiversity of Antarctic yeasts (2003).

Research Output achieved against the strategic plan

• Strategic alliance developed with Griffith University
• Development of cooperative venture with Australian Institute of Marine Science
• Anti-freeze proteins appear far more common in bacteria from Ace Lake in the Vestfold Hills. Molecular taxonomic analysis of these bacteria will ascertain whether anti-freeze proteins are a feature of specific bacterial taxa, or if they widespread.

Major Research Output(s) completed in 2000-01 relating to previous seasons' activities (e.g. Broke Survey of Krill in Antarctic waters)

Research/Activities in the 2000-01 strategic plan NOT achieved and why

General Comment

Last year ASAC made the following comments on Biology during and after the meeting:-

• priorities not clearly identified
• broad context of program not indicated
• highlights not identified.
• program focus needs sharpening.
• several milestones in the Strategic Plan given as 'ongoing' rather than having specific completion dates.

During the year the strategic plans for Biology have been revised, in consultation with the biological community, to provide completion dates on milestones and to better focus the priorities. In addition, the program priorities have been redefined as "What are the impacts of global climate change on the Antarctic terrestrial and marine biota and the role of the latter in global biogeochemical cycles?".

As foreshadowed last year, the terrestrial components of Biology are now coordinated under the umbrella of the RiSCC program.

Investigation of the biotechnological potential of Antarctic organisms is emerging as an important issue. Strategic alliances are being developed with other institutes to pursue this research. These developments are being undertaken in the context of the federal government's approach to the management of biotechnology IP.

Research Output for Biology Program published in 2000

Bayer, L., Blume, H.-P., Kappen, L., Olech, M. and Seppelt, R.D. (2000) Plant communities in relation to soil ecology and geography. In: Bayer, L. and Bölter, M. (Ed.). Geoecology of terrestrial Antarctic oases. In Press; [Ref: 9157 ] Projects 2081

Beck, C.A., Bowden, W.D. and Iverson, S.J. (2000) Seasonal changes in buoyance and diving behaviour of adult grey seals In: (Ed.). The Journal of Experimental Biology Vol.203. 2323-2330; [Ref: 10142 ]

Bergstrom, D.M. and Selkirk, P.M. (2000) Terrestrial vegetation and environments on Heard Island In: Banks, M.R. and Brown, M.J. (Ed.). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania Vol. 133. 33-46; [Ref: 9373 ] Projects 1015

Beyer,L. (2000) Properties, formation, and geo-ecological significance of organic soils in the coastal region of East Antarctica (Wilkes Land) In: (Ed.). Catena 39. 79-93; [Ref: 9461 ] Projects 1083, 2081

Beyer,L. and Bölter,M. (2000) Chemical and biological properties, formation, occurrence and classification of Spodic Cryosols in a terrestrial ecosystem of East Antarctica (Wilkes Land) In: (Ed.). Catena 39. 95-119; [Ref: 9457 ] Projects 1083

Beyer,L., Bölter, M. and Seppelt,R.D. (2000) Nutrient and thermal regime, microbial biomass, and vegetation of antarctic soils in the Windmill Islands region of east Antarctica (Wilkes Land) In: (Ed.). Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 32. 30-39; [Ref: 9459 ] Projects 1083, 2081

Beyer,L., Pingpank,K., Wriedt,G. and Bölter,M. (2000) Soil formation in coastal continental Antarctica (Wilkes Land) In: (Ed.). Geoderma 95. 283-304; [Ref: 9458 ] Projects 1083

Bowman J.P., McCammon, S.A., Rea, S.M. and McMeekin, T.A. (2000) The microbial composition of three limnologically disparate hypersaline Antarctic lakes In: (Ed.). FEMS Microbiology Letters (183). 81-88; [Ref: 9251 ] Projects 1165

Bowman, J.P. (2000) Description of Cellulophaga algicola sp. nov., isolated from the surfaces of Antarctic algae and reclassification of Cytophaga uliginosa (ZoBell and Upham 1944) Reichenbach 1989 as Cellulophaga uliginosa comb. nov. In: (Ed.). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (50). 1861-1868; [Ref: 9897 ] Projects 1012

Bowman, J.P., Rea, S.M., McCammon, S.A. and McMeekin, T.A. (2000) Diversity and community structure within anoxic sediment from marine salinity meromictic lakes and a coastal meromictic marine basin, Vestfold Hills, Eastern Antarctica. In: (Ed.). Environmental Microbiology (2). 227-238; [Ref: 9252 ] Projects 1165

Bradner, J.R., Sidhu, R.K., Yee, B., Skotnicki, M.L., Selkirk, P.M. and Nevalainen, K.M.H. (2000) A new microfungal isolate, Embellisia sp., associated with the Antarctic moss Bryum argenteum In: (Ed.). Polar Biology 23. 730-732; [Ref: 9338 ] Projects 2152, 2153

Brophy, L. & Kennedy, A.D. (2000) Not just ice, but isolation makes life hard to find. In: (Ed.). UWA News 19(9). 5; [Ref: 9804 ] Projects 1146

Bölter, M., Seppelt, R.D., Beyer, L. and Pingpank, K. (2000) Studies on floristic diversity, soil organic matter, and soil microbes from the Windmill Islands, East Antarctica In: (Ed.). Bibliotheca Lichnology 75. 421-432; [Ref: 9477 ] Projects 1083, 2081

Chen,J., Blume,H.-P. and Beyer, L. (2000) Weathering of rocks induced by lichen colonization - a review In: (Ed.). Catena 39. 121-146; [Ref: 9464 ] Projects 1083, 2081

Church,M.J. Hutchins,D.A. and Ducklow,H.W. (2000) Limitation of bacterial growth by dissolved organic matter and iron in the Southern Ocean In: (Ed.). Applied & Environmental Microbiology 66(2). 455-466; [Ref: 9224 ] Projects 2256

Crossley, A.C., Wright, S.W., Griffiths, F.B. (2000) Shipboard flow-cytometric analysis of protist population structurein the Southern Ocean In: (Ed.). Southern Ocean - JGOFS Symposium, Brest, France, 8-12 July 2000; [Ref: 9385 ] Projects 40

Curran, M.A.J., and Jones, G.B. (2000) DMS in the Southern Ocean: Seasonality and Flux. In: (Ed.). Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres). V105,NoD16. 20451; [Ref: 8750 ] Projects 2100

Daugbjerg, N., Marchant, H.J. and Thomsen, H.A. (2000) Life history stages of Pyramimonas tychotreta (Prasinophyceae, Chlorophyta), a marine flagellate from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. In: (Ed.). Phycological Research Vol:48. 199-209; [Ref: 9741 ] Projects 40

Davidson, A.T. and van der Heijden, A. (2000) Exposure of natural Antarctic microbial communities to ambient UV radiation: effects on bacterioplankton In: (Ed.). Aquatic Microbial Ecology 21. 257-264; [Ref: 9348 ] Projects 2210

Dunn, J.L. (2000) Seasonal Variation in the Pigment Content of Three Species of Antarctic Bryophytes In: (Ed.).; [Ref: 9607 ] Projects 941

Emison, W. B. (2000) Revision of Eusirus perdentatus Chevreux, 1912 and E. propeperdentatus Andres, 1979 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) In: (Ed.). ANARE Report NO 145 145. 48 pp; [Ref: 9494 ]

Ferguson, S.H., Franzmann, P.D., Snape, I., and Zappia, L.R. (2000) Determination of temperature effects on mineralisation of diesel-contaminated Antarctic sediments using 14C-octadecane. In: (Ed.). 2nd International Conference on Contaminants in Freezing Ground, July 2-5, 2000, Cambridge, UK.; [Ref: 9169 ] Projects 1163

Griffiths, B., Wright, S., Fiala, M., Sedwick, P., Blain, S., Clementson, L., Queguiner, B. and Boyd, P. (2000) Phytoplankton production in the French and Australian subantarctic and polar zones In: (Ed.). Southern Ocean - JGOFS Symposium, Brest, France, 8-12 July 2000..; [Ref: 9383 ] Projects 40

Griffiths, F. B., Strutton, P.G., Waters, R.L., Wright, S. W., Bindoff, N. L., Nicol, S. (2000) Primary production off the coast of east Antarctica (80E-150E): January to March 1996. In: (Ed.). Southern Ocean - JGOFS Symposium, Brest, France, 8-12 July 2000..; [Ref: 9384 ] Projects 40

Guinet, C., Lea, M-A., and Goldsworthy, S.D. (2000) Mass change in Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups in relation to maternal characteristics at the Kerguelen Islands. In: (Ed.). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78. 476-48; [Ref: 9273 ] Projects 859, 2128

Harcourt, R. G., Hindell, M. A., Waas, J. and Bell, D. (2000) Three dimensional dive profiles of free-ranging Weddell seals In: (Ed.). Polar Biology 23. 479-487; [Ref: 9357 ]

Hindell, M. A. and McMahon, C. R. (2000) Elephant seals circle the globe: a record movement for a southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), from Macquarie Island to Peter 1 Oy. In: (Ed.). Marine Mammal Science 16. 504-507; [Ref: 9212 ] Projects 2265

Hoddell, R.J., Crossley, A.C., Williams, R. and Hosie, G.W. (2000) The distribution of Antarctic pelagic fish and larvae (CCAMLR division 58.4.1) In: Professor John D. Milliman (Ed.). Deep-Sea Research Part II 47. 2519-2541; [Ref: 9504 ]

Hosie, G.W., Fukuchi, M., Kawaguchi, S., Reid, P.C., Kitchener, J., Umeda, H., Takahashi, K., Hirawake, T., Odate,. T., Tanimura, A., Toda., T., Kudoh, S (2000) The Japan-Australia collaborative Southern Ocean CPR survey: results of the first year. In: (Ed.). Abstracts of XXIII Symposium on Polar Biology. 16; [Ref: 9715 ] Projects 472

Hosie, G.W., Schultz, M.B., Kitchener, J.A., Cochran, T.G. and Richards, K. (2000) Macrozooplankton community structure off East Antarctica (80-150°E) during the Austral summer of 1995/1996 In: Professor John D. Milliman (Ed.). Deep-Sea Research Part II 47. 2437-2463; [Ref: 9501 ]

Hovenden, M.J. (2000) Seasonal trends in nitrogen status of Antarctic lichens In: (Ed.). Annals of Botany 86. 717-721; [Ref: 9649 ] Projects 1063

Hull, C.L. (2000) Comparative diving behaviour and segregation of the marine habitat by breeding Royal Penguins, Eudyptes schlegeli, and eastern Rockhopper Penguins, Eudyptes chrysocome filholi, at Macquarie Island In: (Ed.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 78. 333-345; [Ref: 9205 ] Projects 1001

Irvine, L.G., Hindell, M.A., van den Hoff, J. and Burton, H.R. (2000) The influence of body size on dive duration of underyearling southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) In: (Ed.). Journal of Zoology (London) 251. 463-471; [Ref: 9480 ] Projects 2265

Jackson, G.D., Buxton, N.G. and George M.J.A. (2000) Diet of the southern opah Lampris immaculatus on the Patagonian Shelf; the significance of the squid Moroteuthis ingens and anthropogenic plastic In: (Ed.). Marine Ecology Progress Series (206). 261-271; [Ref: 10181 ]

Kato, A., Watanuki, Y., Nishiumi, I., Kuroki, M., Shaughnessy, P. and Naito, Y. (2000) Variation in foraging and parental behavior of king cormorants In: (Ed.). The Auk 117 (3). 718-730; [Ref: 10085 ] Projects 695

Kennedy, A.D. (2000) The role of recruitment and colonisation processes in structuring Antarctic terrestrial communities. In: (Ed.). "Ecology in a Rapidly Changing World." Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia's Annual Conference held at La Trobe University, Melbourne, from 29 November - 1 December 2000.. 55-56; [Ref: 9702 ] Projects 1146

Kito, K., Ohyama, Y. and Seppelt, R.D. (2000) Human impacts on terrestrial invertebrates at Antarctic base: Diversity and distribution on nematodes at Casey Station, East Antarctica. In: (Ed.). 23rd NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 1999. In Press; [Ref: 9140 ] Projects 2081

Kopczynska, E.E., Dehairs, F., Elskens, M., and Wright, S. W. (2000) Phytoplankton variability between the Subtropical and Polar Fronts south of Australia: thriving under regenerative and new production in late summer In: (Ed.). Journal of Geophysical Research in press.; [Ref: 9376 ] Projects 40

Laybourn-Parry, J., Bell, E.M. and Roberts, E.C. (2000) Protozoan growth rates in Antarctic lakes In: G.Hempel (Ed.). Polar Biology 23. 445-451; [Ref: 9490 ] Projects 1049

Ling, H.U. and Seppelt, R.D. (2000) Snow Algae of the Windmill Islands Region, Adaptations to the Antarctic Environment. In: Davison, W., Howard-Williams, C. and Broady, P. (Ed.). Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding.. 171-174; [Ref: 9610 ] Projects 2081

Marchant, H.J., Davidson, A.T., Wright, S. and Glazebrook J. (2000) The distribution and abundance of viruses in the Southern Ocean during spring In: (Ed.). Antarctic Science 12 (4). 414-417; [Ref: 9350 ] Projects 40

McCammon S.A. and Bowman J.P. (2000) The taxonomy of Antarctic Flavobacterium species: description of Flavobacterium gillisiae sp. nov., Flavobacterium tegetincola sp. nov. and Flavobacterium xanthum nom. rev., sp. nov. and reclassification of [Flavobacterium] salegens as Salegentibacter sal In: (Ed.). International Journal of Systematic and Microbial Evolution 50. 1055-1063; [Ref: 9253 ] Projects 1165

McGowan, A. (2000) On their own: Towards an analysis of sealers' sites on Heard Island In: Banks, M.R. & Brown, M.J. (Ed.). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania Vol 133(2). 61-70; [Ref: 10098 ] Projects 380

McMahon, C. R., Field, I., Dorr, T., Hammond, C. and Washington, D. (2000) Hook and nose: an interaction between a male southern elephant seal and a long-line fishery. In: (Ed.). Polar Record 36. 250-252; [Ref: 9436 ] Projects 2265

McMahon, C., Burton, H., McLean, S., Slip, D. and Bester, M. (2000) Field immobilisation of southern elephant seals with intravenous tiletamine and zolazepam. In: (Ed.). The Veterinary Record 146. 251-254; [Ref: 9184 ] Projects 2265

McMahon, C.R. and Campbell, D. (2000) Southern elephant seals breeding at Peterson Island, Antarctica. In: (Ed.). Polar Record 36. 51; [Ref: 9182 ]

McMahon, C.R., Burton, H.R. and Bester, M.N. (2000) Weaning mass and the future survival of juvenile southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, at Macquarie Island. In: (Ed.). Antarctic Science 12. 149-153; [Ref: 9243 ] Projects 2265

McMinn, A. (2000) Late Holocene increase in sea ice extent in fjords of the Vestfold Hills, eastern Antarctica. In: (Ed.). Antarctic Science 12. 80-88; [Ref: 9344 ] Projects 2146

McMinn, A., Ashworth, C. and Ryan, K. (2000) In situ net primary productivity of an Antarctic fast ice bottom algal community In: (Ed.). Aquatic Microbial Ecosystems 21. 177-185; [Ref: 9343 ] Projects 989

Nicol, S., Kitchener, J., King, R., Hosie, G. and de la Mare, W.K. (2000) Population structure and condition of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) off East Antarctica (80-150°E) during the Austral summer of 1995/1996 In: Professor John D. Milliman (Ed.). Deep-Sea Research 47. 2489-2517; [Ref: 9503 ]

Nicol, S., Pauly, T., Bindoff, N.L., Wright, S., Thiele, D., Hosie, G.W., Strutton, P.G. and Woehler, E. (2000) Ocean circulation off east Antarctica affects ecosystem structure and sea-ice extent In: (Ed.). Nature 406. 504-507; [Ref: 9491 ] Projects 40, 1219, 2208

Norman, F.I. (2000) Adelie penguin colonies in eastern Prydz Bay: 'biological indicators' of exploration history and political change. In: Dr B. Riffenburgh (Ed.). Polar Record 36(198). 215-232; [Ref: 9495 ]

Pauly, T., Nicol, S., Higginbottom, I., Hosie, G. and Kitchener, J. (2000) Distribution and abundance of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) off East Antarctica (80-150°E) during the Austral summer of 1995/1996 In: Professor John D. Milliman (Ed.). Deep-Sea Research Part II 47. 2465-2488; [Ref: 9502 ]

Roberts, D., McMinn, A., Zwartz, D. (2000) A preliminary diatom based palaeosalinity history of two sediment cores from Jaw Lake, Bunger Hills, Antarctica. In: (Ed.). Antarctic Science 12. 172-176; [Ref: 9345 ] Projects 1223

Robinson,S.A., Wasley,J., Popp,M. and Lovelock, C.E. (2000) Desiccation tolerance of three moss species from continental Antarctica. In: (Ed.). Australian Journal of Plant Physiology (27). 379-388; [Ref: 9083 ] Projects 941, 1087

Schouten, S.,Bowman, J.P., Rijpstra, W.I.C. and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S. (2000) Sterols in a psychrophilic methanotroph, Methylosphaera hansonii In: (Ed.). FEMS Microbiology Letters (186). 193-195; [Ref: 9254 ] Projects 869

Scott, F.J., Davidson, A.T. and Marchant, H.J. (2000) Seasonal variation in plankton, submicrometer particles and size fractionated dissolved organic carbon in Antarctic coastal waters. In: (Ed.). Polar Biology Vol:23. 635-643; [Ref: 9349 ] Projects 40

Scott, F.J., Davidson, A.T. and Marchant, H.J. (2000) Grazing by the sea ice ciliate Pseudocohnilembus. In: (Ed.). Polar Biology 24. 127-131; [Ref: 9351 ] Projects 40

Seppelt, R.D. (2000) Plant communities of the Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land. In: Beyer, L., and Bölter, M. (Ed.). Geoecology of terrestrial Antarctic oases.. In Press; [Ref: 9155 ] Projects 2081

Seppelt, R.D. (2000) Landscape and climatic conditions. Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land. In: Bayer, L. and Bölter, M. (Ed.). Geoecology of terrestrial Antarctic oases. In Press; [Ref: 9156 ] Projects 2081

Shaughnessy, P.D. (2000) Antarctic seals, whales and dolphins of the early twentieth century: Marine mammals of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-14 (AAE) and the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1929-31 (BANZARE) In: (Ed.). ANARE Report 142. 158 pp; [Ref: 9478 ] Projects 140

Skotnicki, M.L., Ninham, J.A. and Selkirk, P.M. (2000) Genetic diversity, mutagenesis and dispersal of Antarctic mosses - a review of progress with molecular studies In: (Ed.). Antarctic Science 12. 363-373; [Ref: 9341 ] Projects 2152

Skotnicki, M.L., Selkirk, P.M. and Ninham, J.A. (2000) Genetic diversity, colonisation and dispersal of mosses in the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica. In: Davison, W., Howard-Williams, C. and Broady, P. (Ed.). Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding. 26-32; [Ref: 8416 ] Projects 2152

Smith, M.C., Bowman, J.P., Scott, F.J. and Line, M.A. (2000) Sublithic bacteria associated with Antarctic quartz stones In: (Ed.). Antarctic Science (12)-2. 177-184; [Ref: 9267 ] Projects 992, 1012

Strutton, P.G., Griffiths, F.B., Waters, R.L., Wright, S.W., Bindoff, N.L. (2000) Primary productivity off the coast of east Antarctica (80ºE -150ºE): January to March 1996 In: (Ed.). Deep-Sea Research II 47. 2327-2362; [Ref: 9377 ] Projects 40

Swadling, K.M. and Gibson, J.A.E. (2000) Grazing rates of a calanoid copepod (Paralabidocera antarctica) in a continental Antarctic lake. In: (Ed.). Polar Biology 23. 301-308; [Ref: 8890 ] Projects 691

Swadling, K.M., McPhee, A.D. and McMinn, A. (2000) Spatial distribution of copepods in fast ice of eastern Antarctica In: (Ed.). Polar Bioscience 13. 55-65; [Ref: 8889 ] Projects 875

Swadling, K.M., Nichols, P.D., Gibson, J.A.E. and Ritz, D.A. (2000) Role of lipid in the life cycles of ice-dependent and ice-independent populations of the copepod Paralabidocera antarctica In: (Ed.). Marine Ecology Progress Series 208. 171-182; [Ref: 9531 ] Projects 691

Takahashi, K., Kawaguchi, S., Mobayashi, M., Hosie, G.W., Toda., T. (2000) Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) observation of the Kaiyo Maru during 1999/2000 cruise. In: (Ed.). Abstracts of XXIII Symposium on Polar Biology. 18; [Ref: 9717 ] Projects 472

Trevena, A.J., Jones, G.B., Wright, S.W. and van den Enden, R.L. (2000) DMSP distribution profiles and production in pack ice from eastern Antarctica. In: (Ed.). Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 43. 265-273; [Ref: 8886 ] Projects 40, 2100

Tweedie, C.E. (2000) Climate Change and the Autecology of Six Plant Species along an Altitudinal Gradient on Subantarctic Macquarie Island In: (Ed.). PhD Thesis, The University of Queensland. 334pp; [Ref: 9743 ] Projects 1015

Tweedie, Craig E. and Bergstrom, Dana, M (2000) A Climate Change Scenario for Surface Air Temperature at Subantarctic Macquarie Island In: William Davison, Clive Howard- Williams, Paul Broady (Ed.). Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Understanding. Chpt 37: 272-281; [Ref: 9747 ] Projects 1015

Umeda, H., Hamada, C., Hirawake, T., Odate,. T., Hosie, G.W., Fukuchi, M (2000) First deployment of CPR on board Shirase during the JARE-41 cruise in the Indian Ocean sector of the Antarctic Ocean. In: (Ed.). Abstracts of XXIII Symposium on Polar Biology. 17; [Ref: 9716 ] Projects 472

Waters, R.L., van den Enden, R. and Marchant, H.J. (2000) Summer microbial ecology off East Antarctica (80-150°E): protistan community structure and bacterial abundance In: (Ed.). Deep -Sea Research 47. 2401-2435; [Ref: 9500 ] Projects 40

Wright, S.W. and van den Enden, R.L. (2000) Phytoplankton community structure and stocks in the East Antarctic marginal ice zone (BROKE survey, Jan - Mar 1996) determined by CHEMTAX analysis of HPLC pigment signatures In: (Ed.). Deep-Sea Research Part II 47. 2363-2400; [Ref: 9378 ] Projects 40

Wright, S.W., van den Enden, R.L., Griffiths, F.B., Strutton, P.G., Waters, R.L. and Crossley, A.C. (2000) Phytoplankton community structure and stocks in the East Antarctic marginal ice zone (BROKE survey, Jan-Mar 1996) In: (Ed.). Southern Ocean - JGOFS Symposium, Brest, France, 8-12 July 2000.; [Ref: 9386 ] Projects 40

Wright, S.W., Zapata, M., Garrido, J.L. and Jeffrey, S.W. (2000) HPLC Pigment Analysis in Oceanography: Recent Advances In: (Ed.). American Society of Limonology and Oceanography. Copenhagen, June 2000..; [Ref: 9381 ] Projects 40

Zapata, M., Wright, S.W., Garrido, J.L., Rodriguez, F. and Jeffrey, S.W. (2000) Phytoplankton Pigment Diversity: How To Make Use Of Pigment Diversity In Oceanographic Research? In: (Ed.). American Society of Limnology and Oceanography. Copenhagen, June 2000.; [Ref: 9382 ] Projects 40