Program Leader's Progress Report for Oceanography to the Antarctic Science Advisory Committee for the 2000-01 Antarctic Season

Dr John Church, CSIRO Division of Marine Research

Goal 1 - Maintain the Antarctic Treaty System and Enhance Australia's Influence within the System.

Oceanography: Individuals play key roles in international Antarctic research programs including: the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP) World Ocean Circulation Experiment, CLIVAR and Climate and Cryosphere Project projects, and emerging Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Project and IPCC assessments.

Key Scientific Outputs

Involvement in setting the direction of international scientific programs and forums relating to Antarctic issues, and contributing to their outcomes

Assessment Milestones

Inclusion, or influence, of Australian based research in the development and goal setting of international programs (Ongoing).

Australian membership of significant international scientific committees associated with WCRP (Ongoing).

Research Output achieved against the strategic plan

Australia Southern Ocean research and researchers continue to be key drivers influencing future activities.

An important milestone for Southern Ocean Oceanography was the workshop organised under the auspices of the Climate Variability (CLIVAR) and Climate and Cryosphere (CLIC) projects of the World Climate Research Programme. The workshop was convened in Perth, WA by John Church (ACRC and CSIRO Marine Research), Steve Rintoul (ACRC and CSIRO Marine Research) and Doug Martinsson (USA). The report from this workshop has led to the formation of a CLIVAR/CLIC Southern Ocean Working Group, with Steve Rintoul as the Chair. This committee will be critical in agreeing on future Southern Ocean research initiatives.

Nathan Bindoff (ACRC), as Co-Chair of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment Data Products Committee (WOCE DPC), oversaw the production of the second set of WOCE CDROMS (14 CDS). The third and final set will be produced in 2002. The WOCE DPC has been instrumental in encouraging the free and open sharing of data and in the production of these CDs has set the standard for the distribution of oceanographic data.

Other participation by Australian Southern Ocean researchers in international committees includes:

John Church - Officer of the Joint Scientific Committee of the World Climate Research Programme (with special responsibilities of oversight of the emerging global carbon project) and Co Convening lead author on the IPCC Chapter on sea-level rise,

Tony Hirst (CSIRO Atmospheric Research) - Member of the CLIVAR/WOCE Ocean Modelling Development Working Group, and

Trevor McDougall (CSIRO Marine Research) - Member of the Intergovernmental WOCE Panel.

Two Australian SOLAS workshops have been held to date. A WWW site has been established (on the Antarctic CRC web site) and a draft science plan has been written. If this project is to maintain momentum, then it requires an individual committed to driving the program (preferably somebody from the gas/aerosol community).

A major book 'Ocean Circulation and Climate' edited by Siedler, Church and Gould was published by Academic Press this year.

Major Research Output(s) completed in 2000-01 relating to previous seasons' activities (e.g. Broke Survey of Krill in Antarctic waters)

Research/Activities in the 2000-01 strategic plan NOT achieved and why

Goal 2 - To Protect the Antarctic Environment

Oceanography: Development of regional management plans for maintaining the health of the Southern Ocean, as required by Australia's Oceans Policy, depends on an adequate description and understanding of the marine environment, including its physical and chemical characteristics, and its variability. This work underpins development of sustainable management plans for fish and krill, and for understanding the impacts on higher trophic levels. It also underpins management of the human impact on the Antarctic region and an adequate ability to respond to environmental emergencies.

Key activities will include in situ and satellite observational programs and the development of global and regional models. The Oceanography program interacts with AMLR, Biology and Human Impacts programs.

Key Scientific Outputs

Understanding and models of the processes controlling the productivity of the Southern Ocean and its inter-annual and decadal variability and long-term change.

Assessment Milestones

Completion of a multi-disciplinary study on productivity of the marginal ice zone in the 2001/2002 season.
Understanding and models of the physical/chemical conditions of the continental shelf and sub-Antarctic Zone that affect the distribution and inter-annual and decadal variability, and long-term change of Antarctic species (eg fish and krill).

Assessment Milestones

Completion of physical/chemical survey of the Antarctic continental shelf between 40°E and 80°E (2002-2004).
Comparison of estimates of the location of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to catches of Patagonian Toothfish (2000).
Document the interannual variability of currents and temperatures in the Australian Sector of the Southern Ocean (2000-2005).
Understanding and models of the near shore physical/chemical environment that controls the fate of coastal and ship-sourced pollutants (particularly sewage and fuel).

Assessment Milestones

Characterisation of the coastal oceanographic environment including temperature, salinity and chemical distributions, tidal flows and wind forcing (2000-2001).
Understanding and models of the transport, mixing, dispersion and chemical fate of pollutants at low temperatures and in the presence of ice cover in the coastal region of Antarctica (2001-2003).

Research Output achieved against the strategic plan

Milestone 1

Planning for this experiment is complete. The experiment will be undertaken on Voyage 1, 2001. There are about 70 scientists on the Voyage (an ANARE record), including a significant number of international participants.

Milestone 2

Planning for this experiment is underway. The experiment involves close collaboration with US and Japanese scientists. A proposal to NSF for part of the US contribution has been submitted.

Milestone 3

A report was prepared by Steve Rintoul and Vince Lynne for the Austral Leader fishing group. The report indicates a weak relationship between the Antarctic Cicumpolar current (as revealed by satellite altimetry) and fish catch but there is as yet no understanding of the relationship.

Milestone 4

Two papers have been published/accepted. The Rintoul and Sokolov paper (published in JPO, 2001) documents the interannual variability determined from six occupations of the full depth oceanographic transect between Tasmania and Antarctica completed onboard Aurora Australis. The Rintoul, Sokolov and Church paper (Accepted by JGR) documents the variability from repeat upper ocean temperature sections completed aboard the French resupply vessel L'Astrolabe and satellite altimeter observations.

These papers document a cost effective way (satellite altimetry, regular ship-of-opportunity repeat sections, and 5-yearly repeat sections with a research vessel) of continued monitoring of the transport and properties of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. To document decadal variability and long-term change this program needs to be continued into the future.

Milestone 5 and 6

This work is primarily the responsibility of the Human Impacts Program.

A paper on the currents, tides and turbulence in coastal waters near Casey station has been submitted.

In future years, it is hoped to focus on 'Characterisation of the coastal oceanographic environment of Davis (2004) and Mawson (2005) including temperature, salinity and chemical distributions, tidal flows and wind forcing', and 'Understanding and models of the transport, mixing, dispersion and chemical fate of pollutants at low temperatures and in the presence of ice cover in the vicinity of Casey Station (2003)'.

Major Research Output(s) completed in 2000-01 relating to previous seasons' activities (e.g. Broke Survey of Krill in Antarctic waters)

Research/Activities in the 2000-01 strategic plan NOT achieved and why

Goal 3 - To Understand the Role of Antarctica in the Global Climate System

Oceanography: The Southern Ocean is the location of the world's largest ocean current, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the source for much of the interior water masses of the ocean. Despite its importance for climate variability and change, it is only now that a quantitative description of the Southern Ocean is emerging. However, adequate understanding and robust models of the processes controlling the ACC, the rate of formation of water masses and how the Southern Ocean may respond to climate change, including the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, is lacking. Progress is dependent on continued in situ and satellite observations and the development of ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere models. New cost-effective observational strategies exist with the development of profiling floats. These projects are most effectively undertaken within the framework of international programs.

Key Scientific Outputs

Detection of climate change by comparison of new and historical observation of Southern ocean parameters.

Assessment Milestones

Map the change in water properties 1960-1990, and estimate the significance of the observed changes using climate models (2000-2005).
Inter-annual and decadal variability of the transport and air/sea exchange of heat, freshwater and carbon.

Assessment Milestones

Repeated oceanographic transects between Tasmania and Antarctica and Western Australia and Antarctica (2001-2004).
Continued ship-of-opportunity observations of variability of the ACC (in collaboration with France and the USA (Ongoing).
Estimate the transport of the Kerguelen Western Boundary Current for the period 2002-2004 (in collaboration with Japan) (2005).
Improved understanding of the processes controlling the formation and the variability of Antarctic Bottom and Antarctic Intermediate Waters

Assessment Milestones

Estimate the flow of Antarctic Bottom water out of the Mertz Glacier Polynya (2001).
Estimate the flow of water under the Amery Ice shelf and of exchange between the ocean and the ice shelf (AMISOR, 2000-2002) (2003).
A physical/chemical survey of the Antarctic continental shelf between 40°E and 80°E (2002-04).
Estimates of the factors controlling the biological productivity of the Southern Ocean and the export of carbon to the deep ocean

Assessment Milestones

A multidisciplinary study of the productivity of the marginal ice zone (with Biology and AMLR) (2001-2002).
Continued measurement of surface carbon properties and the measurement of particle fluxes to the deep ocean (Ongoing).
Forward and inverse ocean circulation, carbon cycle and climate models of the Southern Ocean

Assessment Milestones

Estimate the transport of major ocean currents and the transformation of water masses for testing of climate models (Ongoing).
Ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere models for the prediction of climate variability and change (Ongoing).

Research Output achieved against the strategic plan

Milestone 1

Three papers (Nature, J of Physical Oceanography, Journal of Climate) have been published in recent years documenting the decrease in salinity of the Antarctic Intermediate Water and the increase in heat content in SubAntarctic Mode Waters. There is a draft of one more paper completed and three more manuscripts are in preparation.

The increase in ocean storage of CO₂ has also been documented. Simulations of a slowing overturning circulation associated anthropogenic climate change have been used to quantify an expected decrease in anthropogenic CO₂ (compared to no change in circulation), a decrease in ocean productivity and a deoxygenation of the ocean. Analysis of a limited set of observations support the model results. More detailed comparison and ongoing repeat observations are required to more critically test the projections.

Milestone 2 and 3

Planning for the 2001 repeat section between Tasmania and Antarctica is complete and will be undertaken on Voyage 1, 2001. There are about 70 scientists on the Voyage (an ANARE record), including a significant number of international participants.

Two papers have been published/accepted on the variability of the ACC from previous occupations of this section. The Rintoul and Sokolov paper (published in JPO, 2001) documents the interannual variability determined from six occupations of the full depth oceanographic transect between Tasmania and Antarctica completed onboard Aurora Australis. The Rintoul, Sokolov and Church paper (Accepted by JGR) documents the variability from repeat upper ocean temperature sections completed aboard the French resupply vessel L'Astrolabe and satellite altimeter observations. Another paper has documented the meridional and zonal transports along this section (JGR, 2001).

Milestone 4

Planning for this experiment is complete. The experiment involves close collaboration with US and Japanese scientists. The Australian proposal has been submitted through the ASAC process this year. The US proposal has been submitted to NSF and the Japanese proposal has also been submitted to their funding agency.

Milestone 5

The Mertz Glacier Polynya experiment has proved to be unique and analysis is providing extremely valuable results. To date, several preliminary papers have been published but a complete synthesis of the results is not yet complete.

In parallel with the data analysis, development of a high resolution model (in conjunction with the Max Planck Centre in Hamburg) is proceeding.

Milestone 6

The AMISOR project is underway. The first set of observations was completed in 2000/01 season. The second set of observations and recovery of the moorings will be completed in early 2002. An ocean model of the circulation under the ice shelf is also underdevelopment.

Milestone 7

Planning for this experiment is underway. The experiment involves close collaboration with US and Japanese scientists. A proposal to NSF for part of the US contribution has been submitted.

Milestone 8

Milestone 9

This program is ongoing. The sediment traps were successfully recovered/redeployed in October 2000 from Aurora Australis. Analysis of the samples is underway. The sediment traps will be recovered/redeployed in October 2001 from Aurora Australis. The results show that the transport of organic carbon to the deep sea in the SubAntarctic Zone and Polar Fontal Zone are similar despite very different ecosystems. Surface water properties suggest that the PFZ exports more carbon but much of this does not reach the deep sea. This has important implications for the response of carbon transfers to both climate change and iron fertilisation. Four papers describing the results to date have been accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research and a further paper is in press with Deep-Sea Research.

Surface carbon measurements have been used to quantify the uptake of carbon in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean and its seasonal variability. Ongoing observations, including subsurface observations of dissolved inorganic carbon, are being used to quantify decadal changes in Southern Ocean uptake and storage of carbon.

Milestone 10

A series of papers have now been completed which, for the first time, document the magnitude of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation from observations. An important aspect of these papers is that a significant proportion of the overturning circulation is “closed” in the Southern Ocean. This has important implications for climate change projections as it means the global overturning circulation is dependent on air/sea interaction in the Southern Ocean rather than only diapycnal mixing in the ocean interior.

Coupled models project a decay in the magnitude of the overturning circulation. However, these projections are dependent on a number of model parameters and the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water in the models occurs on a different scale to observational results. Continued analysis and model development is required to improve the models and continued observations are required to document the nature of changes in the overturning circulation.

Milestone 11

Model development continues both within and outside the ANARE program.

In an ASAC project, a series of papers have been completed on the use of curvilinear coordinates in ocean models. The techniques developed are being adopted by the international community.

A paper documenting the important role played by Ekman transport in the variability of Antarctic water masses has been accepted.

Work is continuing on the development of improved parameterisations of eddies for inclusion in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. Earlier results have shown the sensitivity of climate simulations in the Southern Ocean region to these parameterisations.

Ocean and coupled ocean/atmosphere model development and applications is also continuing at the Antarctic CRC and University of NSW.

Coupled ocean model development, including a focus on the Southern Ocean continues at CSIRO Atmospheric Research. In particular, the Mark 3 model with higher resolution is now operational. This model does not have any flux corrections. This model is now high enough resolution that critical testing of its veracity through rigorous comparison with observational results is required.

Major Research Output(s) completed in 2000-01 relating to previous seasons' activities (e.g. Broke Survey of Krill in Antarctic waters)

Research/Activities in the 2000-01 strategic plan NOT achieved and why

Goal 4 - To Undertake Work of Practical, Economic and National Significance

Oceanography: Oceanographic conditions, particularly ocean currents, are important to emergency operations such as search and rescue and responding to pollution emergencies such as oil spills. They are also important in assisting with operational activities such as shipping. Long-term data collection is also critical to addressing a range of environmental issues such as the determination of the health of the oceans, underpinning ecosystem management, global climate change and sea-level change and are required under Australia's commitment to international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

As yet, there is no operational mechanism to collect the long-term data sets for the ocean, equivalent to the valuable meteorological data sets. This requires the development of a Global Ocean Observing System that is not dependent on individual, and limited life, research programs.

Activities encouraged will include routine in situ and remote sensing data collection and development of operational models. Activities undertaken as part of Goals 2 and 3 are also of practical, economic and national significance and thus contribute to Goal 4.

Key Scientific Outputs

Establishment of Southern Ocean components of the Global Climate and Global Ocean Observing Systems

Assessment Milestones

Continued ship-of-opportunity observations of variability of the ACC (Ongoing).

Maintenance of tide gauges at Macquarie Island, Casey, Davis and Mawson with the data updated annually at the National Tidal Facility and made available to interested parties (Ongoing).

Continued access to and production of products from satellite data sets, particularly sea surface temperature, sea surface height and ocean colour data sets (Ongoing).

Completion of a repeated oceanographic transects between Tasmania and Antarctica and Western Australia and Antarctica (2001-2003).

Research Output achieved against the strategic plan

Milestone 1

Repeat upper ocean temperature sections completed aboard the French resupply vessel L'Astrolabe are ongoing. This involves French and US collaboration. Scientific results are reported under goals 2 and 3. These results document a cost effective way of continued monitoring of the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

Milestone 2

Tide gauges have been maintained at each of the Antarctic bases for a number of years now. To assess the success to date and give further guidance for the future, we have instigated a review of this project by Dr Phil Woodworth, the Director of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level.

Milestone 3

CSIRO Marine Research keeps a local archive of global altimeter sea surface height data sets. Satellite sea surface temperature and colour data sets are collected at the Hobart receiving station. Satellite sea surface temperature data is also collected at Casey.

Milestone 4

Planning for the 2001 repeat section is complete and will be undertaken on Voyage 1, 2001. There are about 70 scientists on the Voyage (an ANARE record), including a significant number of international participants.

Major Research Output(s) completed in 2000-01 relating to previous seasons' activities (e.g. Broke Survey of Krill in Antarctic waters)

Research/Activities in the 2000-01 strategic plan NOT achieved and why

General Comment

In recent years we have lost three prominent ANARE researchers. Joerg Wolff and Peter Sedwick have left the ACRC and Chris Reason has left University of Melbourne.

The Antarctic CRC is coming to the end of its term. Work will decrease markedly (and for some areas cease completely) unless the new proposal for a CRC is successful.

Much of the work undertaken in the program is not formal ANARE projects - see the two publication lists attached. This comment applies particularly to the theoretical/modelling projects but even to some of the observational projects. However, I believe ASAC should recognise this work as it is critical to the achievement of the Government goals.

Research Output for Oceanography Program published in 2000

Publications from ANARE Data Base

Bindoff, N.L., Rosenberg, M.A. and Warner, M.J. (2000) On the circulation and water masses over the Antarctic continental slope and rise between 80 and 150°E In: Professor John D. Milliman (Ed.). Deep-Sea Research Part II 47 . 2299-2326 ; [Ref: 9499 ]

Chiba, S., Hirawake, T., Ushio, S., Horimoto, N., Satoh, R., Nakajima, Y., Ishimaru, T. and Yamaguchi, Y. (2000) An overview of the biological/oceanographic survey by the RTV Umitaka-Maru III off Adelie Land, Antarctica in January-February 1996 In: Professor John D. Milliman (Ed.). Deep-Sea Research Part II 47 . 2589-2613 ; [Ref: 9505 ]

Church,M.J. Hutchins,D.A. and Ducklow,H.W. (2000) Limitation of bacterial growth by dissolved organic matter and iron in the Southern Ocean In: (Ed.). Applied & Environmental Microbiology 66(2) . 455-466 ; [Ref: 9224 ] Projects 2256

Curran, M.A.J., and Jones, G.B. (2000) DMS in the Southern Ocean: Seasonality and Flux. In: (Ed.). Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres). V105,NoD16. 20451 ; [Ref: 8750 ] Projects 2100

Featherstone, A.M., Boult, P.R., O'Grady, B.V. and Butler, E.C.V. (2000) A shipboard method for arsenic speciation using semi-automated hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy In: (Ed.). Analytica Chimica Acta 409 . 215-226 ; [Ref: 9185 ] Projects 748 , 2256

Nicol, S., Pauly, T., Bindoff, N.L. and Strutton, P.G. (2000) "BROKE" a biological/oceanographic survey off the cost of East Antarctica (80-150°E) carried out in January-March 1996 In: Professor John D. Milliman (Ed.). Deep-Sea Research Part II 47 . 2281-2298 ; [Ref: 9498 ]

Nicol, S., Pauly, T., Bindoff, N.L., Wright, S., Thiele, D., Hosie, G.W., Strutton, P.G. and Woehler, E. (2000) Ocean circulation off east Antarctica affects ecosystem structure and sea-ice extent In: (Ed.). Nature 406 . 504-507 ; [Ref: 9491 ] Projects 40 , 1219 , 2208

Wright, S.W. and van den Enden, R.L. (2000) Phytoplankton community structure and stocks in the East Antarctic marginal ice zone (BROKE survey, Jan - Mar 1996) determined by CHEMTAX analysis of HPLC pigment signatures In: (Ed.). Deep-Sea Research Part II 47 . 2363-2400 ; [Ref: 9378 ] Projects 40

Publications for 2000 that are NOT linked to projects and government goals

Oceanography

Belbin, L., Betts, M, Brolsma, H.A., Maggs, T. and Riddle, M.J. (2000) An Environmental Atlas of East Antarctica In: Tony Hughson and Cordula Ruckstuhl (Ed.). ISCORD 2000 - Proceedings of the sixth International Symposium on Cold Region Development. 100-103

Publications from ACRC data base

ABRAHAM, E. R., Law C.S., Boyd P.W., Lavander S.J., Maldonado M.T., Bowie A.R. (2000). "The stirring of an iron-fertilised phytoplankton bloom." Nature,407, 727-730.

Bindoff, N. L. and T. J. McDougall (2000). 'Decadal Changes along an Indian Ocean Section at 32°S and Their Interpretation.' Journal of Physical Oceanography 30(6): 1207-1222.

Bindoff, N. L., S. R. Rintoul and R. Massom (2000). 'Bottom Water Formation and Polynyas in Adélie Land, Antarctica.' Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 133(3): 51-56.

BINDOFF, N.L., Rosenberg M.A., Warner M.J. (2000). "On the circulation of the waters over the Antarctic continental rise and slope between 80 and 150 °E". Deep Sea Research, 47 Part II, (12/13), 2299-2326.

BOYD, P.W., Watson A., Law C.S., Abraham E., Trull T., Murdoch R., Bakker D.C.E., Bowie A., Buesseler K.O., Chang H., Charette M., Croot P., Downing K., Frew R., Gall M., Hadfield M., Hall J., Harvey M., Jameson G., LaRoche J., Liddicoat M., Ling R., Maldonado M., McKay R.M., Nodder S., Pickmere S., Pridmore R., Rintoul S.R. Safi K., Sutton P., Strzepek R., Tanneberger K., Turner S., Waite A., Zeldis J. (2000). "A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization." Nature, 407, 695-702.

BROWN, E.T., Trull T.W., Jean-Baptiste P., Raisbeck G.M., Bourlès D.L., Yiou F., Marty B. (2000). "Determination of cosmogenic production rates of 10Be, 3He and 3H in water." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 172, 876-886.

CURRAN, M.A.J., Jones G.B. (2000). "Dimethyl Sulfide in the Southern Ocean, Seasonality and flux." Journal Geophysical Research, 105 (No D16), 20451-20459.

DE MARCO, R., Mackey D.J. (2000). "Reply to comments on "Calibration of a chalcogenide glass membrane ion-selective electrode for the determination of free Fe³⁺in seawater' by Constant M.G. van den Berg". Marine Chemistry, 71, 333-336.

DE MARCO, R., Mackey D.J. (2000). "Celebration of a chalcogenide glass membrane ion-selective electrode for the determination of free Fe³⁺in seawater I. Measurements in UV photooxidised seawater." Marine Chemistry,68, 283-294.

DESCY, J.P., Higgins H.W., Mackey D.J., Hurley J.P., Frost T.M. (2000). "Pigment ratios and phytoplankton assessment in northern Wisonsin lakes." Journal of Phycology,36, 274-286.

Holbrook, N. J. and N. L. Bindoff (2000). 'A statistically efficient mapping technique for four-dimensional ocean temperature data.' Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 17: 831-846.

Holbrook, N. J. and N. L. Bindoff (2000). 'An digital upper ocean temperature atlas for the southwest Pacific: 1955 ' 1988.- Australian Meteorological Magazine 49: 37-49.

Jackett, D. R., T. J. McDougall, M. H. England and A. C. Hirst (2000). 'Thermal expansion in ocean and coupled general circulation models.' Journal of Climate 13: 1384-1405.

LYTLE, V.I., Massom R., Bindoff A., Worby A., Allison I. (2000). "Winter-time heat flux to the underside of East Antarctic pack ice." Journal of Geophyical Research (Oceans), 105 (C12), 28, 759- 28,770.

Matear, R. J. (2000). 'Climate change impacts on marine systems.' Australia Microbiology 21: 17-20.

Matear, R. J. and A. C. Hirst (2000). 'Climate Change Feedback on the Future Oceanic CO₂ uptake.' Tellus 51(B): 722-733.

NICHOL, S., Pauly T., Bindoff N.L. (2000). "Broke" - A biological/oceanographic survey off the coast of East Antarctica (80-150E). Carried out in January-March 1996." Deep Sea Research,47 Part II, (12/13). 2281-2297.

NICHOL, S., Pauly T.., Bindoff N.L., Wright S., Thiele D., Hosie G.W., Strutton P.G., Woehler E. (2000). "Ocean circulation off East Antarcfica affects ecosystem structure and sea-ice extent." Nature,406, 504-507.

PHILLIPS, H..E., Rintoul S.R., (2000). "Eddy variability and energetics from direct current measurements in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Australia." Journal of Physical Oceanography, 30, 3050-3076.

Rintoul, S. R. (2000). 'Southern Ocean currents and climate.' Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 133: 41-50.

Sedwick, P. N., G. R. DiTullio and D. J. Mackey (2000). 'Iron and manganese in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Seasonal iron limitation in Antarctic shelf waters.' Journal of Geophysical Research 105(C5): 11,321-11,336.

SEDWICK, P.N., DiTullio G.R., Mackey D.J. (2000). "Iron and manganese in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, Seasonal iron limitation in Antarctic shelf waters." Geophysical Research (Oceans),105, 11321-11336.

SLOYAN, B.M., Rintoul S.R. (2000). "Estimates of area-averaged diapycnal fluxes from basin-scale budgets." Journal of Physical Oceanography, 30, 2320-2341.

SPEER, K., Rintoul S.R., Sloyan B.M. (2000). "The Diabatic Deacon cell." Journal of Physical Oceanography,30, 3212-3222.

STRUTTON, P., Griffiths B., Waters R.L., Wright S.W., Bindoff N.L. (2000) "Primary productivity in the waters off east Antarctica 80-150°E. January to March 1996." Deep Sea Research, 46 Part II, (12/13) 2327-2362.